The number of Muslims in Australia increased after its immigration laws were changed in 1975 to accept non-white immigrants. As of 2016, 604,000 Muslims make up 2.6% of the population. Most of the Muslims in Australia live in New South Wales and Victoria. Sydney (5.8%) and Melbourne (4.2%) have the highest proportion of Muslims.
Over a third of Muslims in Australia were born there. The largest groups of Muslim immigrants were born in Lebanon (10%) and Turkey (8%). Muslims have also come from Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pakistan, Indonesia, Iraq, Bangladesh, Iran, and Fiji. Most of the Lebanese (more Christians than Muslims) arrived during the Lebanon civil war (1975-1990). Most Australian Muslims are Sunni, though there are small communities of Shias, Sufis, and Ahmadiyya.
There are a variety of Islamic associations in Australia. Hizb ut-Tahrir, a terrorist-linked Islamist group outlawed in many Muslim nations, functions legally in Australia. Several foreign terrorist organizations have cells in Australia, including Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jemaah Islamiah and Al-Shabaab. A number of Islamic book shops are known to promote jihadism. Australia’s multi-cultural policy appears to leave freedom for Islamists to radicalize and recruit. Jihadists have carried out attacks in Australia, and the police have thwarted dozens more.